Management of the official development assistance spending target

The period since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has been one of exceptional turbulence for UK development assistance. UK ODA spending was reduced from the statutory target of 0.7% of gross national income (GNI) to 0.5% in 2021, and is now being progressively reduced to 0.3% by 2027.

At the same time, government expenditure on support to refugees and asylum seekers in the UK has increased, sharply reducing ODA available for spending overseas. The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and other aid-spending departments have been required to manage both a succession of large-scale reductions and a lengthy period of uncertainty in their ODA budgets.

The information note sets out the nature and origins of the ODA spending target, the processes by which ODA budgets are allocated across government departments, and how the ODA target is managed at the cross-government level.

The full review will assess the effectiveness of the UK’s processes for allocating and managing the ODA budget from 2021-22 to 2024-25. It will draw forward-looking lessons to inform the UK’s approach to ODA management from 2025 onwards. It will also assess the impact of development spend supporting refugees and asylum seekers in the UK on the government’s ability to ensure long-term value for money in ODA allocations.

19.03.26

Independent Commission for Aid Impact

Independent Commission for Aid Impact

2026

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The period since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has been one of exceptional turbulence for UK development assistance. UK ODA spending was reduced from the statutory target of 0.7% of gross national income (GNI) to 0.5% in 2021, and is now being progressively reduced to 0.3% by 2027.

At the same time, government expenditure on support to refugees and asylum seekers in the UK has increased, sharply reducing ODA available for spending overseas. The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and other aid-spending departments have been required to manage both a succession of large-scale reductions and a lengthy period of uncertainty in their ODA budgets.

The information note sets out the nature and origins of the ODA spending target, the processes by which ODA budgets are allocated across government departments, and how the ODA target is managed at the cross-government level.

The full review will assess the effectiveness of the UK’s processes for allocating and managing the ODA budget from 2021-22 to 2024-25. It will draw forward-looking lessons to inform the UK’s approach to ODA management from 2025 onwards. It will also assess the impact of development spend supporting refugees and asylum seekers in the UK on the government’s ability to ensure long-term value for money in ODA allocations.

Read the terms of reference for more information about the scope of the full review.

Findings

  • The system for managing the UK’s aid budget was not always based on clear priorities or evidence of good value for money between 2021-22 and 2024-25.
  • Processes were too often focused on hitting a spending target rather than delivering against clear international development objectives.
  • Combining ‘demand-driven’ spending on refugees in the UK – dependent on how many arrive in a given year – with ‘policy-driven’ spending on development projects overseas within the same budget has made UK aid less transparent and distorted policy choices.
  • The UK has a broad approach to reporting domestic asylum costs as official development assistance (ODA), going further than comparable countries such as the Netherlands and Sweden. The UK is not following OECD advice to take a “conservative approach” to reporting these costs to minimise the impact on overseas aid.
  • Reforms introduced in 2025 to ensure that Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) programmes do not face cuts if other departments overspend are welcome, but it remains to be seen how they will work in practice.
  • The re-establishment of a ministerial-level, cross-government Board bringing together all main ODA-spending departments is a positive step towards driving cooperation and value for money.